Tra từ scratch - Từ điển Oxford Advanced Learner 8th

scratch [scratch scratches scratched scratching] verb, noun, adjective BrE [skrætʃ] NAmE [skrætʃ]
verb

RUB WITH YOUR NAILS
1. transitive, intransitive to rub your skin with your nails, usually because it is itching
•~ sth/yourself John yawned and scratched his chin.
• The dog scratched itself behind the ear.
•~ (at sth) Try not to scratch.
•She scratched at the insect bites on her arm.

CUT SKIN
2. transitive, intransitive to cut or damage your skin slightly with sth sharp
•~ (sb/sth/yourself) I'd scratched my leg and it was bleeding.
• Does the cat scratch?
•~ sb/sth/yourself on sth She scratched herself on a nail.

DAMAGE SURFACE
3. transitive ~ sth to damage the surface of sth, especially by accident, by making thin shallow marks on it
• Be careful not to scratch the furniture.
• The car's paintwork is badly scratched.

MAKE/REMOVE MARK
4. transitive ~ sth + adv./prep. to make or remove a mark, etc. on sth deliberately, by rubbing it with sth hard or sharp
• They scratched lines in the dirt to mark out a pitch.
• Some graffiti had been scratched on the back of the door.
•We scratched some of the dirt away.
• (figurative)You can scratch my name off the list.

MAKE SOUND
5. intransitive (+ adv./prep.) to make an irritating noise by rubbing sth with sth sharp
• His pen scratched away on the paper.
• We could hear mice scratching behind the wall.

A LIVING
6. transitive ~ a living to make enough money to live on, but with difficulty
•75% of the population scratch a living from the soil.

CANCEL
7. transitive, intransitive to decide that sth cannot happen or sb/sth cannot take part in sth, before it starts
•~ sb/sth to scratch a rocket launch
•~ sb/sth (from sth) The horse was scratched from the race because of injury.
•~ (from sth) She had scratched because of a knee injury.
Verb forms:

Word Origin:
late Middle English: probably a blend of the synonymous dialect words scrat and cratch, both of uncertain origin; compare with Middle Low German kratsen and Old High German krazzōn.

Thesaurus:
scratch verb
1. T, I
•She scratched at her attacker's face.
claw •
scratch/claw at sth
scratch/claw sth with sth
scratch/claw sb frantically
2. T
•Be careful not to scratch the furniture.
scrape • • graze • • scuff • • rub •
scratch/scrape/graze a surface
scratch sth/scrape sth/graze sth/scuff sth/rub on sth
scrape/graze your knee/knuckles/elbow/shin
Scratch or scrape? If you scratch a surface you make a long thin line on it; if you scrape it, you make a wider mark.

Example Bank:
•He absently scratched his head.
•He kept scratching at his nose.
•He scratched at his beard for a few seconds.
•I could hear the dog scratching at the door.
•I scratched my arm on a rose bush.
•She scratched his face with her nails.
•The table had been badly scratched.
•I'd scratched my leg and it was bleeding.
•She had obviously tried to scratch her attacker.
•The car's paintwork is badly scratched.
•The dog kept scratching at the door to go out.
Idioms: ↑from scratch ▪ ↑scratch the surface ▪ ↑scratch your head ▪ ↑up to scratch ▪ ↑you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours
Derived: ↑scratch about ▪ ↑scratch something out

noun

MARK/CUT
1. countable a mark, a cut or an injury made by scratching sb's skin or the surface of sth
• Her hands were covered in scratches from the brambles.
•a scratch on the paintwork
• It's only a scratch (= a very slight injury).
•He escaped without a scratch (= was not hurt at all).

SOUND
2. singular the unpleasant sound of sth sharp or rough being rubbed against a surface

WITH YOUR NAILS
3. singular the act of scratching a part of your body when it itches
•Go on, have a good scratch!

Word Origin:
late Middle English: probably a blend of the synonymous dialect words scrat and cratch, both of uncertain origin; compare with Middle Low German kratsen and Old High German krazzōn.

Thesaurus:
scratch noun C
•Her hands were covered in scratches from the roses.
cut • • graze • • gash • • injury • • wound •
a deep scratch/cut/gash/wound
suffer scratches/cuts/a gash/an injury/a wound
cuts and scratches/grazes

Example Bank:
•I've got some nasty scratches on my legs.
•Powdered cleansers will leave scratches on the glass.
•She emerged from the wrecked vehicle without a scratch.

adjective (BrE)
1. put together in a hurry using whatever people or materials are available
•a scratch team
2. (especially in ↑golf)with no ↑handicap
•a scratch player

Word Origin:
late Middle English: probably a blend of the synonymous dialect words scrat and cratch, both of uncertain origin; compare with Middle Low German kratsen and Old High German krazzōn.