Tra từ fashion - Từ điển LongMan Dictionary

I. noun
COLLOCATIONS FROM OTHER ENTRIES
a fashion consultant (=one who advises people on what to wear)
▪ It would be great to have your own fashion consultant.
a fashion designer (=for clothes)
▪ the well-known fashion designer, Giorgio Armani
a haphazard way/manner/fashion
▪ I continued my studies in a rather haphazard way.
coming back into fashion
▪ High heels are coming back into fashion.
fashion conscious
▪ Young girls are always very fashion conscious.
fashion dictates sth
▪ Fashion has been dictating that women should wear black for years now.
fashion forward
fashion house
fashion plate
fashion show
fashion statement
▪ Mobile phones make a big fashion statement.
fashion victim
fashion/computer/women’s etc magazine
▪ a glossy fashion magazine
▪ She’s the editor of a popular women’s magazine.
fitness/dance/fashion etc craze
▪ The jogging craze began in the 1970s.
food/fashion/sports etc maven
▪ A food maven could also be called a gourmet.
in a piecemeal fashion
▪ The buildings have been adapted in a piecemeal fashion.
in a timely manner/fashion (=as quickly as is reasonable in a particular situation)
▪ We aim to settle all valid claims in a timely manner.
in an orderly fashion
▪ The elections were conducted in an orderly fashion.
in the time-honoured fashion
▪ Sharon became involved with music in the time-honoured fashion – through her family.
ladies’ fashion/clothing/shoes etc
▪ ladies’ underwear
roundabout way/fashion
▪ It was a roundabout way of telling us to leave.
shipshape and Bristol fashionBritish English (= shipshape)
slave to fashion
▪ a slave to fashion
COLLOCATIONS FROM CORPUS
ADJECTIVE
current
▪ Thus the Lincoln was ready for the current fashion for larger carcasses.
▪ In current pedagogic fashion, behaviourist practices have been largely superseded by cognitive and communicative perspectives on learning.
▪ Contrary to the popular stereotype, they take care to dress smartly, according to current youth fashions.
▪ Others are aimed mainly at a middle-aged market, where comfort and quality are more important than the current fashion.
▪ And, following the current fashion, Informix has also opened a software development centre in Dublin, Ireland.
▪ Eclecticism rules these days, and traditional patterns may be thrown together with all the flair for ill-assortment of current Top-Shop fashions.
▪ What does this really mean, and is the current fashion for quality merely rhetorical gloss or does it have more substance?
dramatic
▪ So a series has been resurrected in the most dramatic fashion.
▪ Louis two weeks ago, the Raiders have lost games in both dramatic and ridiculous fashion.
▪ Then he seized the initiative in a dramatic fashion, just as he had in April 1182.
▪ Fieldwork in the Highlands was resumed in 1926 in a rather dramatic fashion.
▪ In fact, Churchill attempted in October 1951 to refashion Cabinet government in a fairly dramatic fashion by peacetime standards.
▪ The following day opened in dramatic fashion.
▪ Some ant cuckoo females make their presence felt in more dramatic fashion.
▪ Gedge will not slump in such dramatic fashion because of his businesslike constitution.
haphazard
▪ After throwing things around in a very haphazard fashion she finally abandoned her search.
▪ For three decades, water was released from the dam in haphazard fashion, depending on power needs in the Southwest.
▪ This came about in an equally haphazard fashion.
▪ Could one, Peters asked, expect children to learn in the somewhat haphazard fashion that unfettered child-centredness seemed to commend?
▪ Not in a haphazard or whimsical fashion, but as knowledge itself changes.
▪ Over the years, the chalets were added to by their owners in haphazard fashion.
high
▪ Now the ikons of female suffering are all around us; the image of the battered woman is high fashion.
▪ Indeed, in traditional High Church fashion, they were not ashamed to announce their belief in the divine-right nature of bishops.
▪ Fifty years later saw the high fashion of segregating house from village.
▪ Today, theory is in high fashion at Western universities, and varied in scope.
▪ So why remove them in such a dramatic, high-profile fashion?
▪ He placed the emphasis on high street fashion.
▪ We grew up in a world of chainstore high fashion, middle-of-the-road revolution, cover-version original pop music.
new
▪ But meanwhile, her new role as fashion supremo is something she can really get her teeth into.
▪ Anyway, has anything really new happened in fashion since the mini-skirt?
▪ Opposite the Cathay, one of the many new fashion emporiums is crammed with shoppers browsing the designer labels.
▪ Until the spring, improbable as ever, brought among its pretty new fashions, the greatest shock yet.
▪ Making waves in London is the predicted new male fashion trend christened the Urban Surf Look - the hot news for spring.
▪ Little is left to chance in designing new athletic fashions.
▪ These scouts need to be aware of new fashions as they happen so we can react immediately.
▪ One reason for the new fashion is that people are weary of downsizing.
orderly
▪ The Gaijin were piling arms in an orderly fashion.
▪ Proceed in an orderly fashion and disregard curbstone advice.
▪ The tables were covered with the velvet Dave had found and the exhibits laid out in an orderly fashion.
▪ Engrams are not filed in the orderly fashion man-aged by a cleared standard bank.
▪ Journalism is supposed to present facts in an accurate and orderly fashion.
▪ I arrange my papers in an orderly fashion on my driftwood desk and sharpen my pencils, as I always do.
piecemeal
▪ The changes in the state sector before the 1980s have occurred in a relatively piecemeal fashion.
▪ To his disappointments it developed in a piecemeal fashion.
▪ The charges against Sutyagin can, therefore, be established only in piecemeal fashion.
▪ It is only during this century that statutory services have been developed and they came in a very piecemeal fashion.
▪ They may conceive of it in piecemeal fashion, recognising particular boundaries as and when it is unavoidably necessary to do so.
▪ The process of drainage and enclosure was probably occurring in a piecemeal fashion all through the late Saxon period.
▪ The cuckoo's adaptations were simply too perfect to have evolved bit by bit, in piecemeal fashion.
similar
▪ It would appear that one, two, four and six are marked in a basically similar fashion.
▪ Unfortunately, when you write, your thoughts bounce around the page in a similar fashion.
▪ And if everyone else is rebelling in a similar fashion, we might get some decent hot hatchbacks back into circulation.
▪ So... what if a computer were built to operate in a similar fashion?
▪ In a similar fashion, changes in opportunities reflect the development of the social career.
▪ Self-managed teams operate in a similar fashion to work-unit teams, but with employees assuming greatly expanded responsibilities.
▪ Within this mass, the smaller workers have in a similar fashion created chambers in which the pupae hang.
▪ The other networks built their news departments of global depth and experience in a similar fashion.
spectacular
▪ Elsewhere, equities boiled over in spectacular fashion.
▪ Especially strong was Marin County, where every single zip code bounced back, sometimes in spectacular fashion.
▪ A serious error could easily result in every semi-conductor in the project being destroyed, possibly in spectacular fashion.
▪ They had waited for the Darkfall to blow itself out, which it did in spectacular fashion.
▪ Theatres specialise for children, ready to tell us tales, ancient and modern, in spectacular fashion.
▪ West ham had a couple of good shots on goal one of which Beaney tipped over the bar in spectacular fashion.
▪ It's a choice between you and them, either they die or Turry explodes in a spectacular fashion.
timely
▪ I want those results in a timely fashion!
true
▪ In true Celtic fashion, physical strength and absence of blemish would be the qualification of a king.
▪ In true coevolutionary fashion, coevolution breeds coevolution.
▪ Still, in true Dwarf fashion, they were not about to admit to a mistake.
▪ And so, in true Arien fashion, she had decided to take the bull by the horns.
typical
▪ At brisk cornering speeds the Calibra behaves in typical front-drive fashion.
▪ In typical fashion, the federal government feels that it must do something.
▪ In typical fashion Stirling decided on a bluff which had often helped him before.
▪ In typical Atlanta fashion, it was razed in 1977 to make room for the new Atlanta-Fulton Public Library.
▪ He had prepared himself for the Stoics match in typical fashion the night before.
▪ In typical fashion, Hostetler let Dudley know.
▪ He led his female into a cave where they spawned nose to tail in typical mouthbrooder fashion.
▪ But then in typical Bloodhut fashion, a goofy gag succeeds.
NOUN
accessory
▪ For anything up to £500, this place can fix you up with a fashion accessory in a class of its own.
▪ It could be the mandatory audio fashion accessory of the summer.
▪ This enables me to buy the latest fashion accessories and clothes without relying on my parents.
▪ Electronic mail has become so hip it's almost a fashion accessory.
▪ Children are not fashion accessories that can be pushed aside.
▪ But Atari don't like their machine to be seen as a fashion accessory.
▪ Super-hip fashion accessory or just a way of keeping the kids out of the amusement arcades?
▪ This subtle shift has a great deal to do with the current fashion accessory of an eligible husband rather than an eligible boss.
business
▪ She will give an hour of fashion fun, talking and demonstrating her hat hire service and nearly-new designer fashion business.
▪ Resident movie stars such as Sylvester Stallone, Cher and Madonna also have spurred a boomlet in the entertainment and fashion businesses.
▪ He works in the fashion business and has lived with his girlfriend for the past six years.
designer
▪ There was one girl who longed, seemingly in an unrealistic way, to become a fashion designer.
▪ Since then, fashion designers have learned not to dictate a length.
▪ Showbiz characters rubbed shoulders with politicians, famous food and wine writers, and fashion designers.
▪ They say they've enjoyed the transition from farmer to fashion designer.
▪ Early successes in the drug trade mean that Harry can underwrite Marion's attempts to become a fashion designer.
▪ Now wait a minute - it wouldn't be that young fashion designer, would it?
editor
▪ Toning Whoever heard of any of them being groomed by a fashion editor and strapped into toning pinks for a photo call?
▪ Egged on by some publicity cooked up by the fashion editor, she and her sister Carole got a book contract.
▪ Nicholas Knightly was the name that a lot of fashion editors were instead catching up with.
▪ Then there were the fashion editors that could have described her chemise frock while she did the shooting.
▪ A leading fashion editor suggests that in fact we have too many, rather than too few, clothes.
▪ The trip to Milan would otherwise have undoubtedly fallen to her, as the nominal fashion editor.
▪ Model Orla feigns sleep and eve fashion editor Sarah Newton looks on.
house
▪ He met Yves Saint Laurent, then at Dior, and helped him found his own fashion house.
▪ In the end President Mitterrand chose his friend Pierre Berge, head of a fashion house, to sort out the mess.
▪ Close inspection makes one marvel at the intricate perfection of nature opposed to the finest fashion houses.
▪ There is no difference for me between working in a fashion house and working in an opera.
▪ She runs a fashion house now.
industry
▪ The pop music and fashion industries were geared specifically towards the young and magazines flourished in order to promote these trends.
▪ The suggestions also revealed a lot about the fashion industry and its relationship with the first lady.
▪ A village-based fabric weaving and dyeing business was quite unused to the sudden whims and vagaries of the capitalist fashion industry.
▪ The drug chic controversy, though, has brought forth an odd mixture of indignation and acknowledgment from the fashion industry.
▪ But now the relationship is supposedly reversed, with the fashion industry kowtowing to consumers.
▪ The fashion industry is now fighting Aids with everything it has got.
magazine
▪ She was twenty-eight years of age with the kind of breathtaking allure normally associated with the cover of a glossy fashion magazine.
▪ I would cut out the people in the fashion magazines and use them as though I was creating a play.
▪ She looked as if she could be on the cover of a fashion magazine.
▪ Her designer clothes were from the pages of a glossy fashion magazine.
▪ She wasn't a girl at all, in any sense that the fashion magazines would recognize.
▪ It specialises in giving everyday people a glamorous look that would do the cover of any top fashion magazine proud.
▪ I look at fashion magazines more than I look at news magazines.
▪ Andrew Logan's party, for instance, which got us our first press - a mention in an upmarket society fashion magazine.
model
▪ He got hitched fifteen years ago to some fashion model.
▪ He looks like a fashion model, a clubland vamp or the boy next door.
▪ Yet out of uniform she looked like a fashion model.
▪ Film stars and fashion models became more slender because their angles photographed better on screen and in magazines.
▪ Although she may have many other fine qualities, she is clearly not an international fashion model.
▪ Do women really want to look like fashion models?
▪ Masha, 20, is training to be a fashion model in St Petersburg.
▪ Two self-employed fashion models, both in their early 20s, also are charged.
photographer
▪ Later he worked as a fashion photographer for Vogue, snapping a young Brigitte Bardot amongst others.
▪ He finds a job as assistant to a famous fashion photographer, the amusingly named Vesuvi.
photography
▪ Craik also draws our attention to the increasing eroticism of 1970s and 1980s fashion photography.
▪ And in turn, their fashion photography somehow seems elevated, more substantial because it was created by bona fide artistes.
▪ To me it was like an unreality, like fashion photography.
▪ Wildman pioneered advertising and fashion photography in Britain, specifically outdoor location work, as well as creating natural indoor lighting.
▪ His range is broader than the other histories, and includes fashion photography and advertising within its compass.
▪ Before 1989, Benetton's images still seemed to relate to the genre of studio fashion photography.
▪ Therefore, it is easy to see how some photographers have moved between areas of anthropological and fashion photography.
show
▪ To mark its fiftieth birthday the Oxford-based charity Oxfam has been holding a fashion show with a difference.
▪ Next came a fashion show of ladies' hats designed by Billie Singleton of Topeka.
▪ Any minute she could be gliding down a runway at a Saks fashion show.
▪ All the tee-shirts were modelled by the pupils during the school's fashion show organised by the Parent Teachers Association.
▪ After all, Oscar night is the biggest fashion show in the world.
▪ She trips off to view the fashion show.
statement
▪ Reporting from the international catwalks, Meredith Etherington-Smith has defined and simplified this season's fashion statements, beginning on page 261.
▪ Tonight, you might take the shaved head as a fashion statement.
▪ The textiles from Qawrighul are more than a fashion statement.
▪ The Minipod is more than a fashion statement.
▪ No fashion statements with the Mary Chain.
▪ Now it was to become a fashion statement for the world.
▪ But one man stands alone, and he's making his own fashion statement.
▪ Even Rei Kawakubo of Comme des Garcons, high priestess of the black fashion statement, is designing in color.
victim
▪ I don't want to be a fashion victim.
▪ Our intention was to dress a model for illustrative purposes, not to create fashion victims.
▪ Pleats create a weird-looking smock effect, appealing to the adventurous with a touch of fashion victim in them.
▪ Aristos, being of course a complete media and fashion victim, had heard of it and ordered champagne.
▪ Blast is still going strong though, perhaps because its sound is too loud for wet fashion victims to handle.
▪ There are a few male fashion victims; all women are victims of fashion.
▪ It wasn't about creating quirky objects for kitsch fashion victim consumers, it was about improving the real world.
world
▪ Having conquered the fashion world, she is now being courted by Steven Spielberg's DreamWorks film company.
▪ Dana wouldn't give up the chance to shine in front of all the heads of the fashion world.
▪ His existence had been particularly dull, holding down brief part-time work selling clothes in Manchester's underground fashion world.
▪ But things change quickly in the fashion world.
▪ Another group overlooked by the fashion world are petite women.
▪ And Sandra has become a style icon, for the fashion world particularly.
▪ He liked the fashion world and its reliance on youth.
▪ His first collection took the fashion world by storm, breathing new life into the stuffy world of Parisian hautecouture.
VERB
follow
▪ By going shopping Mr Azcárraga has followed fashion.
▪ Studies of language development, however, have followed different swings of fashion.
▪ And, following the current fashion, Informix has also opened a software development centre in Dublin, Ireland.
▪ If it does not follow that fashion, many observers fear the country will not sustain its usual calm.
▪ Must it follow fashion or be above it?
▪ Adults follow fashion in clothes and social habits as assiduously as their children.
PHRASES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
be the height of fashion/stupidity/luxury etc
▪ All these artists were the height of fashion in the middle years of the 19C.
▪ The stunning luminous display and thickly padded, genuine leather wristband are the height of fashion in any setting.
doggy style/fashion
ethnic cooking/fashion/design etc
fashion/style victim
▪ Aristos, being of course a complete media and fashion victim, had heard of it and ordered champagne.
▪ Blast is still going strong though, perhaps because its sound is too loud for wet fashion victims to handle.
▪ I don't want to be a fashion victim.
▪ It wasn't about creating quirky objects for kitsch fashion victim consumers, it was about improving the real world.
▪ Our intention was to dress a model for illustrative purposes, not to create fashion victims.
▪ Pleats create a weird-looking smock effect, appealing to the adventurous with a touch of fashion victim in them.
▪ There are a few male fashion victims; all women are victims of fashion.
in the popularity/fashion etc stakes
▪ Although still carrying the hallmarks of a true fishing port, Padstow is fast gaining ground in the popularity stakes.
▪ They are running neck-and-neck in the popularity stakes.
parrot fashion
▪ Dealers would repeat this parrot fashion in the same optimistic note that the director had used on them.
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪ a fashion designer
▪ a fashion show
▪ changing fashions in popular music
▪ Diane is the assistant fashion editor at "Vogue."
▪ He's one of the best-known designers in the world of fashion.
▪ I always find it hard to keep up with the latest fashions.
▪ Platform sandals are this summer's fashion.
▪ This year's men's fashions are brighter and more casual than ever before.
▪ Who started this fashion for wearing old army clothes?
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ Albeit in an oblique fashion, Soviet Socialist Realism thus influenced the development of western high art.
▪ As women are liberated from some of the meaner dictates of dress, men are losing a certain brand of fashion freedom.
▪ Claire Selman selects fashion for action Skiing poses exceptionally extreme demands on clothing.
▪ Resident movie stars such as Sylvester Stallone, Cher and Madonna also have spurred a boomlet in the entertainment and fashion businesses.
▪ She wears anachronistic styles as though they were the latest fashion, with no hint of nostalgia.
▪ Then he seized the initiative in a dramatic fashion, just as he had in April 1182.
▪ They say commuting will be out of fashion - sounds great to me.
II. verb
EXAMPLES FROM OTHER ENTRIES
▪ Our attitudes to politics are fashioned by the media.
▪ The man had fashioned a turban from a strip of torn cloth.
▪ Two million years ago our ancestors began to fashion stone tools.
EXAMPLES FROM CORPUS
▪ All three combined to fashion an equaliser, of course.
▪ Few coffin-makers had the talent to fashion such an item, so an order would have gone out to a local plumber.
▪ Taxes and the budget are obvious topics as Republicans fashion an economic agenda for the national convention.
▪ To fashion patterns of light into such weapons.
▪ When the rains came, they huddled under umbrellas and makeshift tents and donned ponchos or raincoats fashioned from plastic garbage bags.

fashion

I. fash‧ion¹ S3 W2 /ˈfæʃən/ noun
[Word Family: verb: fashion; noun: fashion; adverb: fashionably ≠ UNFASHIONABLY; adjective: fashionable ≠ unfashionable]
[date : 1300-1400; Language : Old French; Origin : façon, from Latin factio 'act of making', from facere 'to do, make']
1. [UNCOUNTABLE AND COUNTABLE]
something that is popular or thought to be good at a particular time
fashion for
　 ▪ the fashion for ‘discovery methods’ of learning
fashion in
　 ▪ The emerging science of photography was already changing fashions in art.
　 ▪ Eastern religions used to be the fashion in the 60s.
　 ▪ His ideas are coming back into fashion (=they are becoming popular again).
　 ▪ Their music will never go out of fashion (=stop being fashionable).
　 ▪ Self-help books are all the fashion (=they are very fashionable).

2. [UNCOUNTABLE AND COUNTABLE]
a style of clothes, hair etc that is popular at a particular time:
　 ▪ Young people are very concerned with fashion.
　 ▪ Hats like that just aren’t the fashion.

3. [UNCOUNTABLE]
the business or study of making and selling clothes, shoes etc in new and changing styles:
　 ▪ magazines about fashion and beauty
　 ▪ the London College of Fashion

4. in a ... fashion
in a particular way:
　 ▪ Please leave the building in an orderly fashion.
　 ▪ Perhaps they could sit down and discuss things in a civilised fashion.
　 ▪ She will be working out her problems in her own fashion (=in the way that she usually does this).

5. after a fashion
not very much, not very well, or not very effectively:
　 ▪ ‘Can you speak Russian?’ ‘After a fashion.’

6. after the fashion of somebody
in a style that is typical of a particular person:
　 ▪ Her early work is very much after the fashion of Picasso and Braque.

7. like it’s going out of fashion
informal use this to emphasize that someone does something a lot or uses a lot of something:
　 ▪ Danny’s been spending money like it’s going out of fashion.
⇨ parrot fashion at parrot¹(2)
• • •
COLLOCATIONS
phrases
▪be in fashion
　 ▪ Belted jackets are in fashion this winter.
▪be out of fashion
　 ▪ Flared trousers were out of fashion in the 1980s.
▪go out of fashion (=stop being fashionable)
　 ▪ Long evening dresses are going out of fashion.
▪come back into fashion (=become fashionable again)
　 ▪ Short skirts are coming back into fashion this year.
▪be the height of fashion (=be very fashionable)
　 ▪ With her short dress and high boots she was the height of fashion.
▪keep up with fashion (=make sure that you know about the most recent fashions)
　 ▪ Lucy likes to keep up with the latest fashions.
▪fashion-conscious (=very interested in the latest fashions, and always wanting to wear fashionable clothes)
　 ▪ Fashion-conscious people can’t get enough of these new designs.
adjectives
▪the latest fashion
　 ▪ They sell all the latest fashions.
▪men’s/women’s fashions
　 ▪ Men’s fashions have not changed much in 50 years.
fashion + NOUN
▪the fashion industry
　 ▪ London is the centre of the British fashion industry.
▪the fashion world
　 ▪ Small women are often overlooked by the fashion world.
▪a fashion show
　 ▪ Calvin Klein’s fashion show featured suits and sportswear.
▪a fashion model
　 ▪ Fashion models are usually very tall.
▪a fashion designer
　 ▪ Her favourite fashion designers include Giorgio Armani and Gianfranco Ferre.
▪fashion design
　 ▪ He went to St Martin’s School of Art to study fashion design.
▪a fashion house (=a company that produces new and expensive styles of clothes)
　 ▪ fashion houses such as Armani and Hugo Boss
▪a fashion magazine
　 ▪ She’s the editor of a leading fashion magazine.
▪fashion photography
　 ▪ a book of Lang’s fashion photography
▪a fashion photographer
　 ▪ Later he worked as a fashion photographer for Vogue.
▪a fashion shoot (=an occasion when photographs are taken of fashion models)
　 ▪ She was asked to star with top model Naomi Campbell in a fashion shoot.
▪a fashion shop
　 ▪ We walked around Milan’s famous fashion shops.
COMMON ERRORS
► Do not say 'the last fashion'. Say the latest fashion.
• • •
THESAURUS
▪fashion noun [UNCOUNTABLE AND COUNTABLE]a style of clothes, hair, behaviour etc that is fashionable. Fashion is also used as an uncountable noun, when talking about all of these styles in general :
　 ▪ the latest fashions from Donna Karan
　 ▪ changing fashions in popular music
　 ▪ I'm not interested in fashion.
▪vogue noun [SINGULAR,UNCOUNTABLE]if there is a vogue for something, or it is in vogue, it is fashionable. Vogue sounds more formal and typical of the language that more educated speakers use than fashion :
　 ▪ the current vogue for realistic animated films
　 ▪ There was a vogue for cream furniture in the 1920s.
　 ▪ His pictures are very much in vogue these days.
▪trend noun [COUNTABLE]a way of doing something or a way of thinking that is becoming fashionable or popular :
　 ▪ The magazine focuses on the latest trends in contemporary design.
　 ▪ The trend is for people to wait longer to marry and have children.
▪craze/fad noun [COUNTABLE] informal a fashion, activity, type of music etc that suddenly becomes very popular, but only remains popular for a short time – often used about things that you think are rather silly :
　 ▪ a new fitness craze
　 ▪ the current fad for bare white walls and uncomfortable-looking metal furniture
　 ▪ I'm sure it's just a passing fad (=something that will soon stop being fashionable).
　 ▪ fad diets
▪something is all the rage formal used when saying that something is very popular and fashionable for a short time :
　 ▪ The game was all the rage at her school.

II. fashion² verb [TRANSITIVE]
[Word Family: verb: fashion; noun: fashion; adverb: fashionably ≠ UNFASHIONABLY; adjective: fashionable ≠ unfashionable]
1. to shape or make something, using your hands or only a few tools
fashion something from something
　 ▪ He fashioned a box from a few old pieces of wood.
fashion something into something
　 ▪ Jamie could take a piece of wood and fashion it into a wonderful work of art.

2. [USUALLY PASSIVE]
to influence and form someone’s ideas and opinions:
　 ▪ We are all unique human beings, fashioned by life experiences.